Retrograde approach for chronic total occlusion angioplasty: At your own risk.

The retrograde approach is needed to increase procedural success in chronic total occlusion angioplasty. This systematic review of the literature demonstrated that retrograde approach is associated with more complex anatomy, worse in-hospital and long-term outcomes. Retrograde approach needs expertise, used judiciously, and major focus in patient safety when performed.

Impacto de la diabetes mellitus en pacientes tratados con angioplastia coronaria / Impact diabetes mellitus in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

RESUMEN Introducción: La diabetes mellitus (DM) se ha asociado a un incremento en los resultados adversos en pacientes tratados con angioplastia coronaria (ATC), en comparación con los pacientes no diabéticos. Objetivos: Evaluar el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares mayores en los pacientes diabéticos, estratificados según el tratamiento recibido (no insulinorrequirientes o insulinorrequirientes), en una población de pacientes no seleccionada tratados con angioplastia coronaria. Material y métodos: Análisis de registro, unicéntrico y retrospectivo de pacientes con enfermedad coronaria tratados con ATC desde marzo 2009 a junio 2018, según la presencia de DM estratificada de acuerdo con el tratamiento establecido para el control del desorden metabólico en: DM insulino-requirientes (DM-IR) y DM no insulino-requirientes (DM-NIR). Se aplicó un modelo de regresión de Cox ajustado para evaluar la relación entre la presencia de diabetes y el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares mayores. Resultados: Se incluyeron 6.313 pacientes (seguimiento promedio 4,1 ± 1,8 años), con una prevalencia global de DM del 22,8% (DM-NIR 19,1%; DM-IR 3,8%). Los pacientes diabéticos presentaron un perfil de riesgo elevado, particularmente los DM-IR. Al seguimiento promedio, el riesgo ajustado de eventos cardiovasculares mayores fue similar entre los pacientes No-DM y los DM-NIR (HR 1,02 [0,81-1,27], p 0,85). En relación con los pacientes DM-IR, se observó un riesgo elevado comparados con los No-DM (HR 1,73 [1,20-2,49], p 0,003) y con los DM-NIR (HR 1,65 [1,10-2,48], p 0,015). Se observó una interacción significativa entre el estado diabético y el riesgo de eventos según la indicación de la angioplastia coronaria al ingreso (pint 0,045). Conclusiones: En nuestra serie de pacientes tratados con angioplastia coronaria y con seguimiento a largo plazo, los pacientes diabéticos presentaron alto riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares mayores. Este riesgo se observó particularmente incrementado en pacientes DM-IR. Sin embargo, no se evidenciaron diferencias significativas en el riesgo de eventos entre los pacientes DM-NIR y los No-DM.

ABSTRACT Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been associated with an increase in adverse outcomes in patients treated with coronary angioplasty, compared to non-diabetic patients. Objective: To evaluate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in diabetic patients, stratified according to the treatment (non-insulin dependent or insulin-dependent), in a population of unselected patients treated with coronary angioplasty. Methods: Registry-based analysis of patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention from March 2009 to June 2018, according presence of DM stratified according to the established treatment for the metabolic disorder: insulin-dependent DM (ID -DM) and non-insulin dependent DM (NID -DM). An adjusted Cox regression model was applied to evaluate the relationship between the diabetic status and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Results: A total of 6313 patients were included (mean follow-up 4.1 ± 1.8 years), with a global prevalence of DM of 22,8% (non-insulin dependent DM 19,1%, insulin-dependent DM 3,8%). Diabetic patients showed a higher risk profile, particularly those with ID-DM. At the average follow-up, the adjusted risk of MACE was similar between Non-DM patients and the NIR-DM patients (HR 1,02 [0,81-1,27], p 0.85). In relation to DM-IR patients, it was observed a higher risk of MACE in comparison to Non-DM (HR 1,73 [1,20-2,49], p 0.003) and NIR-DM (HR 1,65 [1,10-2,48], p 0.015). A significant interaction was observed between the diabetic status and the risk of MACE according to the indication of the percutaneous coronary artery intervention (pint 0.045). Conclusions: In our registry of patients undergoing PCI, with long-term follow-up, DM patients had a higher risk of MACE. The risk of MACE was particularly increased in ID-DM patients. However, there were no significant differences in the risk of MACE between DM-NIR and non-DM patients.

Transradial access: A case for knowledge translation.

Current transradial access (TRA) practices are unknown in the United States and the rest of the world. There is a decline in preprocedure collateral assessment, low use of ultrasound, and infrequent radial patency check after hemostasis. Significant knowledge-practice gaps exist in TRA calling for more dissemination and education.

Mortality and cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity in individuals with impaired FEV1 (PURE): an international, community-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The associations between the extent of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) impairment and mortality, incident cardiovascular disease, and respiratory hospitalisations are unclear, and how these associations might vary across populations is unknown. METHODS: In this international, community-based cohort study, we prospectively enrolled adults aged 35-70 years who had no intention of moving residences for 4 years from rural and urban communities across 17 countries. A portable spirometer was used to assess FEV1. FEV1 values were standardised within countries for height, age, and sex, and expressed as a percentage of the country-specific predicted FEV1 value (FEV1%). FEV1% was categorised as no impairment (FEV1% ≥0 SD from country-specific mean), mild impairment (FEV1% <0 SD to -1 SD), moderate impairment (FEV1% <-1 SD to -2 SDs), and severe impairment (FEV1% <-2 SDs [ie, clinically abnormal range]). Follow-up was done every 3 years to collect information on mortality, cardiovascular disease outcomes (including myocardial infarction, stroke, sudden death, or congestive heart failure), and respiratory hospitalisations (from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pneumonia, tuberculosis, or other pulmonary conditions). Fully adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated by multilevel Cox regression. FINDINGS: Among 126 359 adults with acceptable spirometry data available, during a median 7·8 years (IQR 5·6-9·5) of follow-up, 5488 (4·3%) deaths, 5734 (4·5%) cardiovascular disease events, and 1948 (1·5%) respiratory hospitalisation events occurred. Relative to the no impairment group, mild to severe FEV1% impairments were associated with graded increases in mortality (HR 1·27 [95% CI 1·18-1·36] for mild, 1·74 [1·60-1·90] for moderate, and 2·54 [2·26-2·86] for severe impairment), cardiovascular disease (1·18 [1·10-1·26], 1·39 [1·28-1·51], 2·02 [1·75-2·32]), and respiratory hospitalisation (1·39 [1·24-1·56], 2·02 [1·75-2·32], 2·97 [2·45-3·60]), and this pattern persisted in subgroup analyses considering country income level and various baseline risk factors. Population-attributable risk for mortality (adjusted for age, sex, and country income) from mildly to moderately reduced FEV1% (24·7% [22·2-27·2]) was larger than that from severely reduced FEV1% (3·7% [2·1-5·2]) and from tobacco use (19·7% [17·2-22·3]), previous cardiovascular disease (5·5% [4·5-6·5]), and hypertension (17·1% [14·6-19·6]). Population-attributable risk for cardiovascular disease from mildly to moderately reduced FEV1 was 17·3% (14·8-19·7), second only to the contribution of hypertension (30·1% [27·6-32·5]). INTERPRETATION: FEV1 is an independent and generalisable predictor of mortality, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory hospitalisation, even across the clinically normal range (mild to moderate impairment). FUNDING: Population Health Research Institute, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario, Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, AstraZeneca, Sanofi-Aventis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Servier, and GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, and King Pharma. Additional funders are listed in the appendix.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement hemodynamic durability: Still in question?

This study shows excellent transcatheter aortic valve replacement hemodynamic mid-term durability, aligned with prior research up to 5-years. Long-term (10+ years) data are needed before treating young low-risk people with aortic stenosis. Data so far are excellent, indicating a prosperous future for this procedure in young patients.

Eficiencia y seguridad del acceso radial versus el acceso femoral en la angioplastia coronaria / Efficiency and Safety of Radial Access versus Femoral Access in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

RESUMEN Introducción: El acceso radial se ha asociado a numerosos beneficios en angioplastia coronaria en comparación con el acceso femoral. Sin embargo, múltiples registros internacionales han reportado una escasa adherencia a esta técnica. Objetivos: Evaluar la seguridad, la eficacia y la eficiencia operativa de la angioplastia coronaria según la vía de acceso utilizada y el cuadro clínico del paciente. Métodos: Análisis de registro, unicéntrico y retrospectivo de los pacientes con enfermedad coronaria tratados con angioplastia coronaria desde marzo de 2009 a junio de 2018, según el acceso vascular. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión de Cox ajustado para evaluar la relación entre la vía de acceso y el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares mayores y un modelo de regresión logística para evaluar la relación con el sangrado mayor y las complicaciones del acceso vascular. La eficiencia operativa se evaluó mediante la medición del tiempo de internación total y los costos totales asociados a esta. Resultados: Se incluyeron 8155 angioplastias coronarias (seguimiento promedio 1448,6 ± 714,1 días), mediante acceso radial (n = 5706) o acceso femoral (n = 2449). A los 30 días, el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares mayores se redujo significativamente con el acceso radial (HR 0,66 [0,5-0,88], p = 0,004), a expensas de una reducción de la mortalidad total. A su vez, el acceso radial redujo significativamente el riesgo de sangrado mayor (HR 0,33 [0,16- 0,67], p = 0,002) y de complicaciones del acceso vascular (HR 0,72 [0,53-0,98], p = 0,038). Se observó una interacción significativa entre la vía de acceso y el riesgo de eventos según el cuadro clínico al ingreso. Se observó una reducción significativa del tiempo total de internación (≈30%) y de sus costos totales (≈15%) mediante el uso del acceso radial. Conclusiones: El uso del acceso radial en angioplastia coronaria es seguro y eficaz en comparación con el acceso femoral, con menores tasas de eventos cardiovasculares mayores a los 30 días, como, así también, un menor riesgo de sangrado mayor y complicaciones del acceso vascular. Asimismo, el acceso radial se asoció con una mayor eficiencia operativa durante la internación.

ABSTRACT Background: Radial access has been associated with many advantages in percutaneous coronary intervention compared with femoral access. However, many international registries have reported poor adherence to this technique. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, efficacy and operational efficiency of percutaneous coronary intervention according to the access site and the clinical presentation of the patient. Methods: A single-center, retrospective registry of patientis with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention was conducted from March 2009 to June 2018 according to the vascular access. A Cox proportional-hazards model was used to analyze the association between vascular access and risk of major cardiovascular eventis, and a logistic regression model was applied to assess the relationship between major bleeding and access site complications. Total hospital stay and total hospitalization costis were measured to evaluate the operational efficiency. Resultis: A total of 8,155 percutaneous coronary interventions (mean follow-up of 1,448.6±714.1 days), via radial access (n=5,706) or femoral access (n=2,449), were included in the study. At 30 days, the risk of major cardiovascular eventis was significantly lower with the radial access (HR 0.66 [0.5-0.88], p=0.004), at the expense of a reduction in all-cause mortal-ity In addition, radial access significantly reduced the risk of major bleeding (HR 0.33 [0.16-0.67], p=0.002) and access site complications (HR 0.72 [0.53-0.98], p=0.038). A significant interaction was observed between the vascular access site and the risk of eventis according to the clinical presentation at admission. Use of radial access was associated with a significant reduction in the length of total hospital stay (≈30%) and total hospitalization costis (≈15%). Conclusions: The use of radial access in percutaneous coronary intervention was safe and effective compared with the femoral access, with lower rates of major cardiovascular eventis at 30 days, lower risk of major bleeding and of access site complications. Moreover, radial access was associated with greater operational efficiency during hospitalization.

Are all P2Y12 equally effective in vein graft angioplasty? A report from the UK database.

Information of P2Y12 inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes with vein graft angioplasty is limited. This new analysis from the UK database was not able to find significant differences between Clopidogrel, Prasugrel and Ticagrelor. Large trials would be needed to reliably confirm the best antiplatelet regimen in this setting.

Body mass index and mortality after acute coronary syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The association between body mass index (BMI) and mortality after acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is controversial. The objective of this analysis is to summarize the available evidence of this association and perform meta-analysis using adjusted estimates. METHODS AND RESULTS: Systematic review from MEDLINE and EMBASE through May 2015 was performed. Studies were considered eligible if they described the association between BMI and all-cause mortality after ACS, and those reporting adjusted estimates were included in the meta-analysis. We included 35 articles with 316,455 participants, with overall poor to moderate quality. No study reported that overweight, type-I or type-II obesity was related to an increased risk of mortality compared to normal weight. Pooled adjusted estimates from 18 studies (137,975 participants) showed lower adjusted mortality both overweight (RR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.75-0.91; p < .001; I2 51%) and obese (RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.71-0.88; p < .001; I2 33%) categories when compared to normal weight. Heterogeneity was not explained in pre-specified subgroups analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Increased BMI was associated with increased adjusted survival after ACS when compared to normal BMI. Unexplained heterogeneity and suboptimal quality of studies limit the strength of the results. This seemingly paradoxical finding needs to be confirmed with further research.

Effective approaches to address the global cardiovascular disease burden.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Describe the global burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD), highlight barriers to evidence-based care and propose effective interventions based on identified barriers. RECENT FINDINGS: The global burden of CVD is increasing worldwide. This trend is steeper in lower income countries, where CVD incidence and fatality remains high. Risk factor control, around the world, remains poor, especially in lower and middle-income countries. Barriers at the patient, healthcare provider and health system have been identified. The use of multifaceted interventions that target identified contextual barriers to care, including increasing awareness of CVD and related risk, improving health policy (i.e. taxation of tobacco), improving the availability and affordability of fixed-dose combined medications and task-shifting of healthcare responsibilities are potential solutions to improve the global burden of CVD. SUMMARY: There is a need to address identified barriers using evidence-based and multifaceted interventions. Global initiatives, led by the World Heart Federation and the WHO, to facilitate the implementation of such interventions are underway.

Association of Urinary Sodium Excretion With Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Clinical Events in 17,033 Latin Americans.

BACKGROUND: Information on actual sodium intake and its relationships with blood pressure (BP) and clinical events in South America is limited. The aim of this cohort study was to assess the relationship of sodium intake with BP, cardiovascular (CV) events, and mortality in South America. METHODS: We studied 17,033 individuals, aged 35-70 years, from 4 South American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Colombia). Measures of sodium excretion, estimated from morning fasting urine, were used as a surrogate for daily sodium intake. We measured BP and monitored the composite outcome of death and major CV events. RESULTS: Overall mean sodium excretion was 4.70±1.43g/day. A positive, nonuniform association between sodium and BP was detected, with a significant steeper slope for the relationship at higher sodium excretion levels (P < 0.001 for interaction). With a median follow-up of 4.7 years, the primary composite outcome (all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure) occurred in 568 participants (3.4%). Compared with sodium excretion of 5-6g/day (reference group), participants who excreted >7g/day had increased risks of the primary outcome (odds ratio (OR) 1.73; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24 to 2.40; P < 0.001), as well as death from any cause (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.23 to 2.83; P = 0.003) and major CV disease (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.81; P = 0.014). Sodium excretion of <3g/day was associated with a statistically nonsignificant increased risk of the primary outcome (OR 1.20; 95% CI 0.86 to 1.65; P = 0.26) and death from any cause (OR 1.25; 95% CI 0.81 to 1.93; P = 0.29), and a significant increased risk of major CV disease (OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.24; P = 0.048), as compared to the reference group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support a positive, nonuniform association between estimated urinary sodium excretion and BP, and a possible J-shaped pattern of association between sodium excretion over the entire range and clinical outcomes.

Association of urinary sodium excretion with blood pressure and cardiovascular clinical events in 17, 033 Latin Americans

BACKGROUND: Information on actual sodium intake and its relationships with blood pressure (BP) and clinical events in South America is limited. The aim of this cohort study was to assess the relationship of sodium intake with BP, cardiovascular (CV) events, and mortality in South America. METHODS: We studied 17,033 individuals, aged 35-70 years, from 4 South American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Colombia). Measures of sodium excretion, estimated from morning fasting urine, were used as a surrogate for daily sodium in take. We measured BP and monitored the composite outcome of death and major CV events. RESULTS: Overall mean sodium excretion was 4.70±1.43g/day. A positive, nonuniform association between sodium and BP was detected, with a significant steeper slope for the relationship at higher sodium excretion levels (P 7g/day had increased risks of the primary outcome (odds ratio (OR) 1.73; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24 to 2.40; P < 0.001), as well as death from any cause (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.23 to 2.83; P = 0.003) and major CV disease (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.81; P = 0.014). Sodium excretion of <3g/day was associated with a statistically nonsignificant increased risk of the primary outcome (OR 1.20; 95% CI 0.86 to 1.65; P = 0.26) and death from any cause (OR 1.25; 95% CI 0.81 to 1.93; P = 0.29), and a significant increased risk of major CV disease (OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.24; P = 0.048), as compared to the reference group...

Association of urinary sodium excretion with blood pressure and cardiovascular clinical events in 17.033 Latin Americans

BACKGROUND:Information on actual sodium intake and its relationships with blood pressure (BP) and clinical events in South America is limited. The aim of this cohort study was to assess the relationship of sodium intake with BP, cardiovascular (CV) events, and mortality in South America. METHODS:We studied 17,033 individuals, aged 35-70 years, from 4 South American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Colombia). Measures of sodium excretion, estimated from morning fasting urine, were used as a surrogate for daily sodium intake. We measured BP and monitored the composite outcome of death and major CV events.RESULTS:Overall mean sodium excretion was 4.70±1.43g/day. A positive, nonuniform association between sodium and BP was detected, with a significant steeper slope for the relationship at higher sodium excretion levels (P 7g/day had increased risks of the primary outcome (odds ratio (OR) 1.73; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24 to 2.40; P < 0.001), as well as death from any cause (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.23 to 2.83; P = 0.003) and major CV disease (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.81; P = 0.014). Sodium excretion of <3g/day was associated with a statistically nonsignificant increased risk of the primary outcome (OR 1.20; 95% CI 0.86 to 1.65; P = 0.26) and death from any cause (OR 1.25; 95% CI 0.81 to 1.93; P = 0.29), and a significant increased risk of major CV disease (OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.24; P = 0.048), as compared to the reference group.CONCLUSIONS:Our results support a positive, nonuniform association between estimated urinary sodium excretion and BP, and a possible J-shaped pattern of association between sodium excretion over the entire range and clinical outcomes.

Evaluación del puntaje SYNTAX por residentes de cardiología clínica / Evaluation of the SYNTAX score by residents in clinical cardiology

Introducción El puntaje SYNTAX (PS) se presenta como una herramienta útil para la selección de pacientes con enfermedad del tronco y/o de tres vasos pasibles de revascularización mediante angioplastia. Existe una moderada reproducibilidad interobservador entre miembros del estudio original. No se dispone de evidencia suficiente sobre la evaluación del PS por miembros ajenos a un laboratorio de cardiología intervencionista. Objetivos Evaluar si residentes de cardiología pueden realizar una valoración adecuada del PS y detectar posibles sesgos en ella. Material y métodos Se seleccionaron en forma retrospectiva cinecoronariografías que evidenciaban enfermedad del tronco y/o de tres vasos. Un residente de cardiología (RC) calculó el PS total para compararlo con lo calculado por un cardiólogo intervencionista (CI). Se analizaron los datos mediante el coeficiente kappa (deciles y terciles), el coeficiente de concordancia de Lin y gráficamente a través del método de Bland-Altman. Resultados Se analizaron 93 cinecoronariografías. Las medias del PS del CI y del RC resultaron de 28,58 (DE 10,0) y de 30,44 (DE 10,7), respectivamente. La diferencia de las medias fue de 1,85 (DE 7,01). El coeficiente kappa resultó de 0,57 (0,464-0,678) para deciles y de 0,60 para terciles (0,48-0,72). El coeficiente de Lin fue de 0,75 (0,65 a 0,83). El análisis de Bland-Altman detecta una tendencia del RC a infraestimar puntajes altos del CI. Conclusiones El presente trabajo demuestra una moderada a buena reproducibilidad interobservador entre un RC y un CI. Este nivel de acuerdo es tolerable para su cálculo según lo publicado. Se detectó una tendencia del RC a infraestimar PS altos.

Evaluation of the SYNTAX score by residents in clinical cardiology Background The SYNTAX score (SS) is a useful tool for selecting patients with left main or three-vessel coronary artery disease eligible for percutaneous coronary interventions. The score has moderate inter-observer reproducibility among members of the original study. There is not sufficient evidence about the evaluation of the SS by non-interventional cardiologists. Objectives To evaluate whether residents in cardiology can perform an adequate evaluation of the SS and to detect possible biases in this evaluation. Methods Coronary angiographies with evidence of main left coronary artery disease and/or three-vessel disease were retrospectively selected. A resident in cardiology (RC) calculated the total SS in order to compare it with the score calculated by an interventional cardiologist (IC). Data were analyzed using the kappa coefficient (deciles and tertiles), Lin's concordance correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plot method. Results Ninety three coronary angiographies were analyzed. Mean SS calculated by the IC and the RC were 28.58 (SD 10.0) and 30.44 (SD 10.7), respectively. Mean difference was 1.85 (SD 7.01). The kappa coefficient was 0.57 (0.464-0.678) for deciles and 0.60 for tertiles (0.48-0.72). Lin's coefficient was 0.75 (0.65 to 0.83). The Bland-Altman analysis detected that the RC had a trend towards underestimating high scores calculated by the IC. Conclusions This study demonstrates a moderate to good inter-observer reproducibility between a RC and an IC. This level of agreement is tolerable to calculate the score, as previously published. A trend to underestimate high SS was detected in the RC.